The Windows Registry

Discussion in 'Windows' started by pradeep, Jan 30, 2007.

  1. pradeep

    pradeep Team Leader

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    What is the Registry?



    The Registry is a database used to store settings and options for the 32 bit versions of Microsoft Windows including Windows 95, 98, ME and NT/2000/XP. It contains information and settings for all the hardware, software, users, and preferences of the PC. Whenever a user makes changes to a Control Panel settings, or File Associations, System Policies, or installed software, the changes are reflected and stored in the Registry.

    The physical files that make up the registry are stored differently depending on your version of Windows; under Windows 95 & 98 it is contained in two hidden files in your Windows directory, called USER.DAT and SYSTEM.DAT, for Windows Me there is an additional CLASSES.DAT file, while under Windows NT/2000 the files are contained seperately in the %SystemRoot%\System32\Config directory. You can not edit these files directly, you must use a tool commonly known as a "Registry Editor" to make any changes.

    Finding the Registry Components



    The registry itself is a composite of multiple files, and these files vary depending on the version of Windows. The files that make up the registry are known as hives. They are very important to the operation of Windows, and without them the operating system will not operate. The hives are set in groups known as handle keys (HK).

    Location: Windows 95, 98, Me

    The registry is easier to locate in Windows 9x than it is in Windows NT. The registry is split between two different files, the User.dat and the System.dat. These are both found in the Windows folder, which is most generically located at c:\windows. The User.dat represents the hive known as the Current User, and the System.dat represents the hive known as the Local Machine hive. Backups of these files are created with a DA0 extension instead of DAT. So, the User.da0 and the System.da0 files are complete backups of the registry, created at the last successful load of them. This means if they get corrupted you could just rename the backups and you'd lose very little. If multiple logins were configured are enabled on Windows 9x through the passwords control panel then the user.dat will be stored in c:\windows\Profiles\<username>\USER.DAT, where <username> is replaced by the name used to login. Windows Me also contains a classes.dat file in addition to the user and system dat files.

    Location: Windows NT4, 2000, XP

    In Windows NT it is a bit trickier to locate the hives than it is in Windows 9x. The current user hive is located in the user profile folder and is named NTUSER.DAT. On Windows 2000, XP the user profile folders can be found in C:\Documents and Settings by default, but in Windows NT4 the default path to the user profiles is in C:\winnt\profiles.

    The local machine hive though is split between several different files. These can be found in the Windows folder under the system32\config directory, so these would by default be in C:\windows\system32\config for Windows XP and c:\winnt\system32\config for Windows NT4 or 2000. The files default, SAM, SECURITY, software, system and userdiff are the local machine hive components.

    The Structure of the Registry



    The Registry has a hierarchal structure, although it looks complicated the structure is similar to the directory structure on your hard disk, with Regedit being similar to Windows Explorer.

    [​IMG]

    Registry Structure



    Each main branch (denoted by a folder icon in the Registry Editor, see image) is called a Hive, and Hives contains Keys. Each key can contain other keys (sometimes referred to as sub-keys), as well as Values. The values contain the actual information stored in the Registry. There are three types of values; String, Binary, and DWORD - the use of these depends upon the context.

    There are six main branches, each containing a specific portion of the information stored in the Registry. They are as follows:
    • HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT - This branch contains all of your file association mappings to support the drag-and-drop feature, OLE information, Windows shortcuts, and core aspects of the Windows user interface.
    • HKEY_CURRENT_USER - This branch links to the section of HKEY_USERS appropriate for the user currently logged onto the PC and contains information such as logon names, desktop settings, and Start menu settings.
    • HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE - This branch contains computer specific information about the type of hardware, software, and other preferences on a given PC, this information is used for all users who log onto this computer.
    • HKEY_USERS - This branch contains individual preferences for each user of the computer, each user is represented by a SID sub-key located under the main branch.
    • HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG - This branch links to the section of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE appropriate for the current hardware configuration.
    • HKEY_DYN_DATA - This branch points to the part of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, for use with the Plug-&-Play features of Windows, this section is dymanic and will change as devices are added and removed from the system.
    Each registry value is stored as one of five main data types:
    • REG_BINARY - This type stores the value as raw binary data. Most hardware component information is stored as binary data, and can be displayed in an editor in hexadecimal format.
    • REG_DWORD - This type represents the data by a four byte number and is commonly used for boolean values, such as "0" is disabled and "1" is enabled. Additionally many parameters for device driver and services are this type, and can be displayed in REGEDT32 in binary, hexadecimal and decimal format, or in REGEDIT in hexadecimal and decimal format.
    • REG_EXPAND_SZ - This type is an expandable data string that is string containing a variable to be replaced when called by an application. For example, for the following value, the string "%SystemRoot%" will replaced by the actual location of the directory containing the Windows NT system files. (This type is only available using an advanced registry editor such as REGEDT32)
    • REG_MULTI_SZ - This type is a multiple string used to represent values that contain lists or multiple values, each entry is separated by a NULL character. (This type is only available using an advanced registry editor such as REGEDT32)
    • REG_SZ - This type is a standard string, used to represent human readable text values.
    Other data types not available through the standard registry editors include:
    • REG_DWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN - A 32-bit number in little-endian format.
    • REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN - A 32-bit number in big-endian format.
    • REG_LINK - A Unicode symbolic link. Used internally; applications should not use this type.
    • REG_NONE - No defined value type.
    • REG_QWORD - A 64-bit number.
    • REG_QWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN - A 64-bit number in little-endian format.
    • REG_RESOURCE_LIST - A device-driver resource list.
    Permissions

    Since the registry needs to operate on a multi-user computer, where each user has different attributed privileges, the registry requires the ability to differentiate access control based on users and group membership. These permissions are accomplished through access control lists (ACL), but you should read in detail on that if you want to understand them better. It should be noted here that this does not apply to Windows 95, 98 or Me, as they are not multi-user operating systems. In the registry only keys can have permissions applied to them, so you can't apply permissions directly to the values. Instead, the values of a key inherit the permissions of the key. Often there are keys you will not be able to alter, and you will need to take ownership of them or give your username, or a group you are a member of, read/write permissions to that key. Of course, this requires administrator access.

    Editing the Registry



    The Registry Editor (REGEDIT.EXE) is included with most version of Windows (although you won't find it on the Start Menu) it enables you to view, search and edit the data within the Registry. There are several methods for starting the Registry Editor, the simplest is to click on the Start button, then select Run, and in the Open box type "regedit", and if the Registry Editor is installed it should now open and look like the image above.

    An alternative Registry Editor (REGEDT32.EXE) is available for use with Windows NT/2000, it includes some additional features not found in the standard version, including; the ability to view and modify security permissions, and being able to create and modify the extended string values REG_EXPAND_SZ & REG_MULTI_SZ.

    Create a Shortcut to Regedit



    This can be done by simply right-clicking on a blank area of your desktop, selecting New, then Shortcut, then in the Command line box enter "regedit.exe" and click Next, enter a friendly name (e.g. 'Registry Editor') then click Finish and now you can double click on the new icon to launch the Registry Editor.

    Using Regedit to modify your Registry



    Once you have started the Regedit you will notice that on the left side there is a tree with folders, and on the right the contents (values) of the currently selected folder.

    Like Windows explorer, to expand a certain branch (see the structure of the registry section), click on the plus sign [+] to the left of any folder, or just double-click on the folder. To display the contents of a key (folder), just click the desired key, and look at the values listed on the right side. You can add a new key or value by selecting New from the Edit menu, or by right-clicking your mouse. And you can rename any value and almost any key with the same method used to rename files; right-click on an object and click rename, or click on it twice , or just press F2 on the keyboard. Lastly, you can delete a key or value by clicking on it, and pressing Delete on the keyboard, or by right-clicking on it, and choosing Delete.

    Note: it is always a good idea to backup your registry before making any changes to it. It can be intimidating to a new user, and there is always the possibility of changing or deleting a critical setting causing you to have to reinstall the whole operating system. It's much better to be safe than sorry!

    Importing and Exporting Registry Settings



    A great feature of the Registry Editor is it's ability to import and export registry settings to a text file, this text file, identified by the .REG extension, can then be saved or shared with other people to easily modify local registry settings. You can see the layout of these text files by simply exporting a key to a file and opening it in Notepad, to do this using the Registry Editor select a key, then from the "Registry" menu choose "Export Registry File...", choose a filename and save. If you open this file in notepad you will see a file similar to the example below:

    Code:
    REGEDIT4
    
    [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup]
    "SetupType"=dword:00000000
    "CmdLine"="setup -newsetup"
    "SystemPrefix"=hex:c5,0b,00,00,00,40,36,02
    The layout is quite simple, REGEDIT4 indicated the file type and version, [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup] indicated the key the values are from, "SetupType"=dword:00000000 are the values themselves the portion after the "=" will vary depending on the type of value they are; DWORD, String or Binary.

    So by simply editing this file to make the changes you want, it can then be easily distributed and all that need to be done is to double-click, or choose "Import" from the Registry menu, for the settings to be added to the system Registry.

    Deleting keys or values using a REG file



    It is also possible to delete keys and values using REG files. To delete a key start by using the same format as the the REG file above, but place a "-" symbol in front of the key name you want to delete. For example to delete the [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup] key the reg file would look like this:

    Code:
    REGEDIT4
    
    [-HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup]
    The format used to delete individual values is similar, but instead of a minus sign in front of the whole key, place it after the equal sign of the value. For example, to delete the value "SetupType" the file would look like:

    Code:
    REGEDIT4
    
    [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup]
    "SetupType"=-
    Use this feature with care, as deleting the wrong key or value could cause major problems within the registry, so remember to always make a backup first.

    Regedit Command Line Options



    Regedit has a number of command line options to help automate it's use in either batch files or from the command prompt. Listed below are some of the options, please note the some of the functions are operating system specific.

    Code:
    regedit.exe [options] [filename] [regpath]
    [filename]	Import .reg file into the registry
    /s [filename]	Silent import, i.e. hide confirmation box when importing files
    /e [filename] [regpath]	Export the registry to [filename] starting at [regpath]
    e.g. regedit /e file.reg HKEY_USERS\.DEFAULT
    /L:system	Specify the location of the system.dat to use
    /R:user	Specify the location of the user.dat to use
    /C [filename]	Compress (Windows 98)
    /D [regpath]	Delete the specified key (Windows 98)

    Maintaining the Registry



    How can you backup and restore the Registry?

    Windows 95

    Microsoft included a utility on the Windows 95 CD-ROM that lets you create backups of the Registry on your computer. The Microsoft Configuration Backup program, CFGBACK.EXE, can be found in the \Other\Misc\Cfgback directory on the Windows 95 CD-ROM. This utility lets you create up to nine different backup copies of the Registry, which it stores, with the extension RBK, in your \Windows directory. If your system is set up for multiple users, CFGBACK.EXE won't back up the USER.DAT file.

    After you have backed up your Registry, you can copy the RBK file onto a floppy disk for safekeeping. However, to restore from a backup, the RBK file must reside in the \Windows directory. Windows 95 stores the backups in compressed form, which you can then restore only by using the CFGBACK.EXE utility.

    Windows 98

    Microsoft Windows 98 automatically creates a backup copy of the registry every time Windows starts, in addition to this you can manually create a backup using the Registry Checker utility by running SCANREGW.EXE from Start | Run menu.

    What to do if you get a Corrupted Registry



    Windows 95, 98 and NT all have a simple registry backup mechanism that is quite reliable, although you should never simply rely on it, remember to always make a backup first!

    Windows 95

    In the Windows directory there are several hidden files, four of these will be SYSTEM.DAT & USER.DAT, your current registry, and SYSTEM.DA0 & USER.DA0, a backup of your registry. Windows 9x has a nice reature in that every time it appears to start successfully it will copy the registry over these backup files, so just in case something goes wrong can can restore it to a known good state. To restore the registry follow these instruction:

    1. Click the Start button, and then click Shut Down.

    2. Click Restart The Computer In MS-DOS Mode, then click Yes.

    3. Change to your Windows directory. For example, if your Windows directory is c:\windows, you would type the following:

    cd c:\windows

    4. Type the following commands, pressing ENTER after each one. (Note that SYSTEM.DA0 and USER.DA0 contain the number zero.)

    Code:
    attrib -h -r -s system.dat
    attrib -h -r -s system.da0
    copy system.da0 system.dat
    attrib -h -r -s user.dat
    attrib -h -r -s user.da0
    copy user.da0 user.dat
    5. Restart your computer.

    Following this procedure will restore your registry to its state when you last successfully started your computer.

    If all else fails, there is a file on your hard disk named SYSTEM.1ST that was created when Windows 95 was first successfully installed. If necessary you could also change the file attributes of this file from read-only and hidden to archive to copy the file to C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM.DAT.

    Windows NT

    On Windows NT you can use either the "Last Known Good" option or RDISK to restore to registry to a stable working configuration.

    How can I clean out old data from the Registry?



    Although it's possible to manually go through the Registry and delete unwanted entries, Microsoft provides a tool to automate the process, the program is called RegClean. RegClean analyzes Windows Registry keys stored in a common location in the Windows Registry. It finds keys that contain erroneous values, it removes them from the Windows Registry after having recording those entries in the Undo.Reg file.
     
    Last edited by a moderator: Jan 21, 2017
  2. Tango Issac Debian

    Tango Issac Debian New Member

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    very interesting...........
    your writting style is also very attractive....
    thanks
    Tango
     
  3. Tango Issac Debian

    Tango Issac Debian New Member

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    hai

    you said " The Registry is a database used to store "...................................

    very good...but my askign is " what type of database it is??? " whta file structure /file organization they useing????
    I not asking about the out view organization of the Registyies ...my asking is in the Secondary storage the registries how organise them.....when i format the Windows installed drive with NTFS or FAT_ XX, is the both time the Registry also formatted as the FS or it still stay with its own FS????
    Say more on this....................................................................................

    can i understand you my askings????pls reply......
    thanks for your nice articles again......
    Tango
     
  4. shabbir

    shabbir Administrator Staff Member

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    what he probably meant is database where we can fetch and store information and as far as I remember its a file. Something like index.dat or some dat file.

    If you format the system drive registry is going to be formatted.
     
  5. pcmahes

    pcmahes New Member

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    hi
    pls give me solution! am using windows-xp! when am access registry its appear "registry has been disabled by administrator" pls mail me pcmahes@gmail.com

    thanks
    maheshwaran
     
  6. pradeep

    pradeep Team Leader

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    Use the Group policy editor to change this!
    %windir%\system32\gpedit.msc
    set, User Config\Admin Templates\System\Prevent Access To Registry Editing Tools="Not Configured"
     

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